Correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex / Correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo

SUMMARY: To investigate the correlation between the anatomical morphology of palatal rugae and sex. The study sample consisted of 120 students studying from Shanxi Medical University, of which 60 were females and 60 were males. The digital model of the palatal rugae was obtained by the 3 Shape TRIOS intraoral scanner. And the shapes of palatal rugae were recorded. Association between palatal rugae shape and sex were tested using Chi-square analysis. And logistic regression analysis (LRA) was carried out to calculate the accuracy of gender prediction using rugae shapes. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of the distribution of wavy and circular palate rugae. The use of logistic regression analysis obtained a sex predictive value of 65 % when all the rugae shapes were analyzed. Digital images of the palatal rugae morphology contribute to more accurate and convenient for data collection and transformation. It was found that rugae patterns can moderately identify the sex of the specific population when multivariate statistics such as LRA is applied. The palatal rugae morphology can be utilized as an assistant measure for sex identification.

RESUMEN: Investigar la correlación entre la morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y el sexo. En la muestra de este estudio se incluyeron 120 estudiantes de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi, (60 mujeres y 60 hombres). El modelo digital de las rugas palatinas se obtuvo mediante escáner intraoral 3 Shape TRIOS, y se registraron las formas de las rugas palatinas. La asociación entre la forma de las rugas palatinas y el sexo se evaluó mediante un análisis de Chi-cuadrado; para calcular la precisión de la predicción de sexo se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística (ARL) Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de la distribución de las rugas palatinas onduladas y circulares. El uso de análisis de regresión logística obtuvo un valor predictivo de sexo del 65 % cuando se analizaron todas las formas de las rugas. Las imágenes digitales de la morfología de las rugas palatinas contribuyen a una recopilación de datos más precisa. En este análisis se determinó que los patrones de rugas pueden identificar relativamente el sexo de una población específica, cuando se aplican estadísticas multivariadas como ARL. La morfología de las rugas palatinas se puede utilizar como medida de ayuda para la identificación de sexo.

Morphometric study of incisive, greater and lesser palatine foramina: a novel point of maxillary nerve block in a Thai population / Estudio morfométrico del foramen palatino incisivo, mayor y menor: un punto novedoso de bloqueo del nervio maxilar en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: To study the morphometric location of the incisive, greater, and lesser palatine foramina for maxillary nerve block. Two hundred Thai dry skulls were randomly organized from the Forensic Osteology Research Center. The distances of the parameters were measured via Vernier caliper.: Thedistances from the incisive foramen to the incisive margin of the premaxilla were 10.93?2.42 mm in males and 10.98?2.06 mm in females. From the left side, the incisive foramen to the greater palatine foramen (GPF) was39.07?2.23mm in males and 38.57?2.41 mm in females, and from the right side were 39.81?2.37 mm in males and 38.62?2.53mm in females. From the left side, the incisive foramen to the lesser palatine foramen (LPF) was 43.16?2.23 mm in males and 41.84?2.42mm in females and from the right side were 42.93?2.14 mm in males and 41.76?2.61 mm in females. The GPF found at medial to the maxillary third molar were 94-95 % in males and 84 % in females. These findings suggest that the medial position to the third molar teeth be used as a landmark for a palatine nerve block in Thais. These findings will help dentists to perform local anesthetic procedures, especially the nasopalatine and greater palatine nerve blocks, more effectively.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la localización morfométrica de los forámenes palatinos incisivos, mayores y menores para el bloqueo del nervio maxilar. Se organizaron al azar doscientos cráneos secos tailandeses del Centro de Investigación de Osteología Forense. Las distancias de los parámetros se midieron mediante un calibre Vernier. Las distancias desde el foramen incisivo hasta el margen incisivo de la premaxila fueron 10,93 ? 2,42 mm en hombres y 10,98 ? 2,06 mm en mujeres. Desde el lado izquierdo, el foramen incisivo al foramen palatino mayor (FPM) fue de 39,07 ? 2,23 mm en los hombres y 38,57 ? 2,41 mm en las mujeres, y del lado derecho fue de 39,81 ? 2,37 mm en los hombres y 38,62 ? 2,53 mm en las mujeres. Del lado izquierdo, el foramen incisivo al foramen palatino menor (LPF) fue de 43,16 ? 2,23 mm en hombres y 41,84 ? 2,42 mm en mujeres y del lado derecho 42,93 ? 2,14 mm en hombres y 41,76 ? 2,61 mm en mujeres. El FPM encontrado medial al tercer molar maxilar fue 94-95 % en hombres y 84 % en mujeres. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la posición medial de los terceros molares se utilice como punto de referencia para un bloqueo del nervio palatino en individuos tailandeses. Estos hallazgos ayudarán, de manera más eficaz, a los dentistas a realizar procedimientos anestésicos locales, especialmente los bloqueos nasopalatinos y del nervio palatino mayor.

Diferencias morfométricas en el hueso palatino de la oveja (Ovis aries) y la cabra (Capra hircus) / Morphometric palatine differences between sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus)

RESUMEN: Un hueso craneal muy poco estudiado en anatomía veterinaria comparada es el palatino. En nuestro estudio, realizamos la comparación de este hueso entre la oveja (Ovis aries L., 1758) y la cabra (Capra hircus L., 1758), a partir de una muestra de 36 y 17 cráneos respectivamente, y utilizando métodos de morfometría geométrica. Se eligieron un total de 32 puntos (4 hitos y 28 semi-hitos) para analizar la lámina horizontal del hueso palatino. Se reflejaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto para el tamaño como para la forma. En Capra se denota una clara expansión lateral del hueso y rostral y una contracción central, con un acercamiento relativo de los forámenes palatinos, mientras que en Ovis los forámenes están más lateralmente alejados. A nuestro parecer, esta mayor anchura y longitud de la lámina horizontal en Capra se explicaría por una mayor capacidad de frotación del alimento en relación a Ovis.

SUMMARY: Palatine is a cranial bone very less studied in comparative veterinary anatomy. In our study, we performed the comparison of this bone between sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) and goat (Capra hircus L., 1758), from a sample of 36 and 17 skulls respectively, using methods of geometric morphology. A total of 32 points (4 landmarks and 28 semi-landmarks) were chosen to analyse the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone. Statistically significant differences were reflected for both size and shape. Capra denotes a clear lateral expansion of the bone and rostral and a central contraction, with a relative approach of palatine foramina, while in Ovis foramina are more laterally distant. In our view, this greater width of the horizontal lamina in Capra would be explained by a greater capacity to rub the food compared to Ovis.

Dimorfismo sexual a través del análisis morfométrico de bóvedas palatinas en una población peruana / Sexual Dimorphism Via Palatal Vault Morphometric Analysis on A Sample Peruvian Population

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la precisión del dimorfismo sexual a través del análisis morfométrico de bóvedas palatinas en cráneos procedentes del Laboratorio de Investigación Forense del Equipo Forense Especializado (EFE) de Ayacucho del Ministerio Público - Perú. Materiales y métodos: Diseño transversal, constituido con una muestra de 43 cráneos con sexo biológico preestablecido, (24=masculino y 19=femenino). La estimación del dimorfismo sexual se estableció a través del método propuesto por Meera Jacob y cols., basado en las mediciones de la longitud y ancho palatino, posteriormente se calculó el índice palatino, estableciéndose la precisión y exactitud del método. El análisis inferencial se realizó con un nivel de significancia del 5% a través de la prueba T student, Shapiro Wilk y el coeficiente de Pearson. Resultados: Se estableció que el ancho palatino presenta una media de 3,43 (+0,31) cm. para el sexo masculino y 3,62 (+0,25) cm. para el femenino, en la longitud palatina la media fue de 5,07 (+0,44) cm. para masculino y 4,79 (+0,41) cm. en el femenino; en el índice palatino, el 100% de los cráneos de sexo masculino corresponden al paladar duro estrecho y en el femenino un 73,7% al estrecho, un 21% al intermedio y un 5,3% al ancho. Además, se determinó que existió diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los parámetros del ancho y longitud de la bóveda palatina entre ambos sexos y se planteó una fórmula de análisis discriminante. Conclusión: El análisis morfométrico de bóvedas palatinas establece una precisión de 83.72% en la estimación del dimorfismo sexual.

Abstracts: Objective: Determine sexual dimorphism precision via palatal vault morphometric analysis in craniums sourced from the Laboratorio de Investigación Forense del Equipo Forense Especializado (EFE) de Ayacucho del Ministerio Público- Perú. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional design consisting of a sample of 43 skulls with pre-established biological gender, (24 males and 19 females). Sexual dimorphism was established by means of the method proposed by Meera Jacob and co., based on palatal width and length measurements, after which the palatal index was calculated, establishing the method's precision and accuracy. The inferential analysis was made with a level of significance of 5% through the T student test, Shapiro Wilk and Pearson's coefficient. Results: Palatal width had a mean of 3.43 (+0.31cm) for males and 3.62 (+0.25) for females and in palatal length a mean of 5.07 (+0.44) cm. for males and 4.79 (+0.41) cm. for females is established; on palatal index, 100% of the male skulls correspond to hard narrow palate and on females 73.7% to narrow, 21% to intermediate and 5.3% to wide. Furthermore, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between width and length of palatal vault for both genders, and a discriminating analysis formula was proposed. Conclusion: Morphometric analyses of palatal vaults establish an 83.72% precision on the estimation of sexual dimorphism.

Contribución al Estudio Descriptivo del Foramen y Canal Palatino Mayor / Contribution to the Descriptive Study of the Foramen and Greater Palatine Canal

RESUMEN: El foramen y canal palatino mayor (FPM y CPM) comunican boca con fosa pterigopalatina. El conocimiento adecuado de su morfología, permite el abordaje anestésico del nervio maxilar. En el vivo, el FPM está recubierto por una mucosa gruesa, debido a esto los puntos de referencia óseos y dentarios son importantes para ubicar el sitio de punción. Se ha descrito gran variabilidad en cuanto a la etnia, posición, forma, diámetros, longitudes y permeabilidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir éstas características en cráneos de adultos chilenos. Se utilizaron 31 cráneos de ambos sexos. En los paladares se determinó; forma, largo, profundidad y ancho. En los FPM se consideró su forma, diámetros y localización. En los CPM se registró su permeabilidad y su coincidencia con la forma del FPM. Los registros se realizaron con cámara digital, compás de precisión, caliper digital, compas tridimensional de Korkhaus y sonda metálica. Los resultados muestran un predominio de la forma cuadrada del paladar por sobre las formas triangular y redondeada. Las mediciones de su largo, ancho y profundidad indican diferencias por sexo y por etnia. La forma del FPM no muestra diferencia por sexo, primando la forma ovalada por sobre la fusiforme y la redondeada. La posición de este mismo foramen tampoco muestra diferencias sexuales, primando la posición frente al tercer molar superior, seguida por la posición frente al espacio entre segundo y tercer molar superior y por último frente al 2do molar superior. Las dimensiones del FPM son mayores en individuos masculinos. Los CPM se observaron en su totalidad permeables y los FPM no siempre coincidieron en forma con la sección transversal del CPM. Estos resultados y su comparación con la literatura indican variaciones importantes, lo que impide establecer directrices objetivas a la técnica anestésica que utiliza esta vía anatómica.

ABSTRACT: The greater palatine foramen and canal (GPF and GPC) communicate with the pterygopalatine fossa. The adequate knowledge of its morphology allows the anesthetic approach of the maxillary nerve. In vivo, the GPF is covered by a thick mucosa, therefore, the bone and dental reference points are important to locate the puncture site. Great variability has been described in terms of ethnicity, position, shape, diameters, lengths and permeability. The objective of this study was to describe these characteristics in skulls of Chilean adults. 31 skulls of both sexes were used. In the palates shape, length, depth and width were determined. In the GPF its shape, diameters and location were considered. In the GPC, their permeability and their coincidence with the shape of the GPF were recorded. The records were made with digital camera, precision compass, digital caliper, Korkhaus three-dimensional compass and metallic probe. The results show a predominance of the square shape of the palate over the triangular and rounded forms. The measurements of its length, width and depth indicate differences by sex and ethnicity. The shape of the GPF shows no difference by sex, with the oval shape prevailing over the fusiform and the rounded. The position of this same foramen also shows no sexual differences, with the position prevailing against the upper third molar, followed by the position in front of the space between the upper second and third molars and finally against the upper 2-molar. The dimensions of GPF are greater in male individuals. The GPC were found to be entirely permeable and the GPF did not always coincide in form with the cross section of the GPC. These results and their comparison with the literature indicate important variations, which prevents establishing objective guidelines for the anesthetic technique used in these cases.

The association between palatal rugae pattern and dental malocclusion

ABSTRACT Introduction: Palatal rugae complete its development during early intrauterine life, whereas dental malocclusions in permanent dentition establishes several years into the post-natal life. Objective: The objective of present study was to determine if there is an association between the palatal rugae pattern and Angle's classes of malocclusion. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pretreatment dental casts of 184 patients. The sample was divided into the following groups: Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2, and Class III. The number of palatal rugae was recorded, bilaterally. The length, pattern and orientation of three anterior-most primary rugae on both sides were recorded. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 17.8 ± 5.4 years. The mean number of the palatal rugae was 11.18 ± 2.5, with significant differences among different malocclusion groups. The length of the first rugae on left side and third rugae on both sides varied significantly among the groups (p< 0.05). Similarly, the pattern of palatal rugae was also found to be significantly different among the malocclusion groups. The right sided rugae did not have any significant difference in the orientation in different malocclusion groups; however, the left sided rugae showed significant differences among the four malocclusion groups (p< 0.001). Conclusions: The current study showed subtle differences in the palatal rugae pattern among the Angle's classes of malocclusion. Similarly, the length and orientation of some rugae were also found to be significantly different between malocclusion groups.

RESUMO Introdução: as rugas palatinas completam seu desenvolvimento ainda no início da vida intrauterina, enquanto as más oclusões dentárias na dentição permanente se estabelecem após vários anos de vida pós-natal. Objetivos: o presente estudo foi planejado para determinar se há associação entre o padrão das rugas palatinas e as más oclusões, segundo a classificação Angle. Métodos: um estudo transversal foi conduzido a partir dos modelos dentários pré-tratamento de 184 pacientes. A amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos: Classe I; Classe II, divisão 1; Classe II, divisão 2 e Classe III. O número de rugas palatinas foi registrado bilateralmente. O comprimento, padrão e a orientação das três rugas primárias mais anteriores de ambos os lados foram registrados. Resultados: a idade média da amostra desse estudo foi de 17,8 ± 5,4 anos. O número médio de rugas palatinas foi de 11,18 ± 2,5, com diferenças significativas entre os grupos de más oclusões. O comprimento da primeira ruga do lado esquerdo e da terceira ruga em ambos os lados variou significativamente entre os grupos (p< 0,05). De forma semelhante, o padrão das rugas palatinas também mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos com diferentes má oclusões. As rugas do lado direito não apresentaram nenhuma diferença significativa de orientação nos diferentes grupos; no entanto, as rugas do lado esquerdo apresentaram diferenças significativas nos grupos estudados (p< 0,001). Conclusões: o presente estudo demonstrou diferenças sutis quanto ao padrão das rugas palatinas entre as classes de má oclusão definidas por Angle. Do mesmo modo, o comprimento e a orientação de algumas rugas também se apresentaram consideravelmente diferentes entre os grupos com diferentes má oclusões.

Comparação dos gestos articulatórios entre homens e mulheres na produção dos sons /r/, /l/ e /j/ / Comparison of articulatory gestures between men and women in the production of sounds /r/, /l/ and /j/

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os gestos de língua de adultos com desenvolvimento típico de fala obtidos pela avaliação ultrassonográfica e compará-los, quanto ao sexo, na produção dos fonemas /r/, /l/ e /j/. Métodos Participaram da pesquisa 30 adultos com idades entre 19 e 44 anos, sendo 15 do sexo masculino e 15 do feminino. Os gestos articulatórios foram capturados pelo ultrassom Modelo DP-6600 e analisados por meio do software AAA (Articulate Assistant Advanced). Foram selecionadas quinze palavras que envolveram os sons /r/, /l/ e /j/, em diferentes contextos vocálicos: /a/, /i/, /u/. Todas as palavras foram representadas por figuras, incluídas em uma mesma frase-veículo. As imagens dos gestos articulatórios visualizadas no ultrassom corresponderam aos frames relativos à elevação máxima da ponta da língua nas produções de /r/, /l/ e /j/. Após, os gestos de língua de homens e mulheres foram comparados, a fim de verificar diferenças relacionadas ao sexo. Resultados Nos adultos típicos pesquisados houve duplos gestos de língua. A coordenação dos gestos de /r/, /l/ e /j/, associados aos variados contextos vocálicos, revelou diferentes configurações de língua entre homens e mulheres. Nas mulheres, para /r/ e /l/, observou-se menor retração de raiz e maior elevação da ponta de língua, quando comparadas aos homens. No /j/, houve o gesto de dorso de língua de forma muito semelhante em homens e mulheres. Conclusão Nos adultos típicos, em /r/ e /l/ há dois gestos de língua simultâneos: ponta e raiz de língua. No /j/, há o gesto de dorso de língua. Na análise qualitativa das palavras, tanto para /r/, quanto para /l/, em diferentes contextos vocálicos, observa-se discreta elevação de ponta de língua e retração de raiz nas mulheres, em comparação aos homens.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the tongue gestures of adults with typical speech development obtained by ultrasound evaluation and to compare them, according to gender, in the production of phonemes /r/, /l/ and /j/. Methods Thirty adults aged 19 to 44 years old participated in the research, being 15 males and 15 females. Articulatory gestures were captured by Model DP-6600 ultrasound and analyzed using AAA (Articulate Assistant Advanced) software. Fifteen words involving the sounds /r/, /l/ and /j/ were selected in different vowel contexts: /a/, /i/, /u/. All words were represented by figures, included in the same carrier phrase. The images of the articulatory gestures visualized on the ultrasound corresponded to the frames relative to the maximum elevation of the tongue tip in the productions of /r/, /l/ and /j/. Afterwards, the tongue gestures of men and women were compared in order to verify gender-related differences. Results In the typical adults surveyed, there were double tongue gestures. The coordination of gestures of /r/, /l/ and /j/, associated with the various vowel contexts, revealed different tongue configurations between men and women. In women, for /r/ and /l/, there was lower root retraction and higher tongue tip elevation when compared to men. In the /j/, the tongue dorsum gesture was very similar in men and women. Conclusion In typical adults, in /r/ and /l/ there are two simultaneous tongue gestures: tip and root of tongue. In /j/, there is the tongue dorsum gesture. In the qualitative analysis of the words, for /r/ as well as for /l/, in different vowel contexts, there was a slight elevation of the tongue tip and root retraction in women compared to men.

Research on correction method of palatal rugae morphology in forensic digital identification system / Investigación sobre el método de corrección de la morfología de las rugas palatinas en sistema digital de identificación forense

SUMMARY: Palatal rugae is an irregular soft tissue, which is located in the front third of the hard palate, and is asymmetrically distributed from the middle suture to the sides. The difference, stability and extensive characteristics of palatal rugae morphology have gradually make it a characteristic indicator of forensic identification. However, a mature digital palatal rugae identification system has not yet been established at present. Feature extraction is the premise of palatal rugae image recognition. In order to obtain palatal rugae feature information in all directions and improve the reliability of forensic identification, it is necessary to collect palatal rugae images from a plurality of different angles. When the collected images are sent to the recognition system, the diversity of angles will often cause problems such as error recognition. If the tilted images are not rotated properly, it will make the forensic identification face many difficulties. To solve the problem of image skew caused by the diversity of acquisition angle, an algorithm based on orientation vector to correct the tilted palatal rugae images was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the criteria for standard palatal rugae image and the selection rules for feature points were set; Secondly, characterizing feature points according to the rules, and fitting two lines and find their direction vector; Finally, to obtain the corrected images, the tilted images were rotated by the angle determined by the two direction vectors. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can correct the tilted palatal rugae images collected from different angles and has strong robustness.

RESUMEN: Las rugas palatinas son tejidos blandos irregulares, que se ubican en el tercio frontal del paladar duro y se distribuyen asimétricamente desde la sutura mediana hacia los lados. La diferencia, la estabilidad y las características extensivas de la morfología de las rugas palatinas la han convertido gradualmente en un indicador característico de la identificación forense. Sin embargo, un sistema de identificación de rugas palatinas digitales maduras todavía no se ha establecido en la actualidad. La extracción de características es la premisa del reconocimiento de imágenes de las rugas palatinas. Para obtener información sobre las características de las rugas palatinas en todas las direcciones, y mejorar la confiabilidad de la identificación forense, es necesario recopilar imágenes de las rugas palatinas desde una pluralidad de ángulos diferentes. Cuando las imágenes recogidas se envían al sistema de reconocimiento, la diversidad de ángulos a menudo causará problemas como el reconocimiento de errores. Si las imágenes inclinadas no se giran correctamente, la identificación forense se enfrentará a muchas dificultades. Para resolver el problema del sesgo de la imagen causado por la diversidad del ángulo de adquisición, en este documento se propuso un algoritmo basado en el vector de orientación para corregir las imágenes de las arrugas palatinas inclinadas. En primer lugar, se establecieron los criterios para la imagen de las rugas palatinas estándar, y las reglas de selección para los puntos de características. En segundo lugar, se determinaron puntos de características según las reglas, y se ajustaron dos líneas y encontrar la dirección del vector. Finalmente, para obtener las imágenes corregidas, las imágenes inclinadas se giraron según el ángulo determinado por la dirección de dos vectores. Los resultados de la simulación muestran que el algoritmo propuesto puede corregir las imágenes de rugas palatinas inclinadas recopiladas desde diferentes ángulos y tiene una gran robustez.

O gênero e a idade influenciam as dimensões do palato duro? Revisão sistemática da literatura / Do gender and age influence hard palate dimensions? A systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a influência do gênero e da idade nas dimensões do palato duro, bem como verificar os parâmetros de referência disponíveis na literatura. Estratégia de pesquisa Dois examinadores realizaram a pesquisa de forma independente nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, PubMed-Medline e Web of Knowledge utilizando os descritores de acordo com as regras de sintaxe de cada banco de dados. Critérios de seleção Estudos em humanos observacionais ou experimentais, que avaliaram as dimensões do palato duro ou do arco dentário maxilar com pelo menos uma mensuração no plano transversal, vertical ou sagital em oclusões normais ou más oclusões classe I e que realizaram comparações das dimensões entre os gêneros e/ou idades. Análise de dados Análise descritiva, seguindo subdivisões: delineamento, amostra, instrumentos de avaliação, medidas em milímetros e análise estatística. A qualidade dos estudos incluídos foi verificada através da escala "Newcastle - Ottawa Quality". Resultados Foram selecionados 18 estudos. Destes, 11 apresentaram resultados das dimensões do palato duro ou do arco dentário maxilar conforme o gênero, seis em idade e gênero e um somente em idade. Conclusão As medidas foram maiores no gênero masculino e houve um aumento progressivo nas dimensões do nascimento até o período de dentição permanente.

ABSTRACT Purpose Analyze the influence of gender and age on hard palate dimensions and verify the reference parameters available in the literature. Research strategies Two reviewers independently performed a search at the Cochrane Library, PubMed-Medline and Web of Knowledge databases using descriptors according to the syntax rules of each database. Selection criteria Observational or experimental human studies evaluating the dimensions of the hard palate or maxillary dental arch, with at least one transverse, vertical or sagittal plane measurement, in normal occlusions or class I malocclusions, and comparisons of the dimensions between genders and/or ages. Data analysis Descriptive analysis with the following subdivisions: design, sample, evaluation instruments, measurements in millimeters, and statistical analysis. Quality of the included studies was verified by the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality scale. Results Eighteen studies were selected and 11 presented results for hard palate or maxillary dental arch dimensions according to gender, six in age and gender and one in age only. Conclusion The dimensions were larger in males and progressive increase in the measurements was observed from birth to the permanent dentition period.

Palatal rugae characteristics and its relationship with Angle class 1, 2 & 3 malocclusions / Características de rugas palatinas y su relación con ángulos de maloclusiónes clase 1, 2 & 3

SUMMARY: The objectives of the study were to, 1. Compare the accuracy of four methods of acquisition of palatal rugae (PR) characteristics (PRC). 2. Study the predominant PRC in Angles Class 1, 2, and 3 malocclusions. 3. To statistically correlate the predominant PRC with Class 1, 2 & 3 malocclusions and thus explore the possibility of utilizing it in predicting malocclusions. Study casts and intraoral 3D scan images (3Shape® Intra-Oral Scanner) of the palate of 104 healthy orthodontic patients were included as Group I and Group II respectively. The casts of Group I were scanned using 3Shape® (Group III) and Sirona inEos X5® (Group IV) cast scanners. PRC for all groups were recorded and PRC of Group I was compared with PRC of Groups II, III and IV for possible matching. 3D images of Group IV were further divided according to Angles classification and predominant PRC analyzed. 97.8 % of PRC match was observed in Group I and Group IV. Wavy and complex rugae were predominant in Class 1 and 3 malocclusions and showed statistically significant difference between Class 1, 2 and 3 malocclusions (p=0.00 and 0.014 respectively) with wavy being higher in Class 1 and complex being higher in Class 3 (LSD Post Hoc analysis). Direct intraoral 3D scanning and 3D scanning of the palatal area of casts are equally reliable methods for PR acquisition for examining PRC. All PRC considered together have a minimal impact on prediction of malocclusions, however, influence of wavy characteristic was maximum.

RESUMEN: Los objetivos del estudio fueron los siguientes: 1. Comparar la precisión de cuatro métodos de adquisición de las características de la rugosidad palatina (CRP). 2. Estudiar las CRP predominantes en maloclusiones clases 1, 2 y 3. 3. Correlacionar estadísticamente las CRP predominantes con maloclusiones clase 1, 2 y 3 e investigar la posibilidad de utilizarlas en la predicción de maloclusiones. Se incluyeron en el Grupo I y en el Grupo II, los moldes de estudio y las imágenes de barrido 3D intraoral (3Shape® Intra-Oral Scanner) del paladar de 104 pacientes ortodónticos sanos. Los escaneos del Grupo I se escanearon utilizando escáner fundidos 3Shape® (Grupo III) y Sirona inEos X5® (Grupo IV). CRP para todos los grupos se registraron y CRP del Grupo I se comparó con las CRP de los Grupos II, III y IV para una posible coincidencia. Las imágenes 3D del Grupo IV se dividieron de acuerdo con la clasificación de ángulos y las CRP predominantes analizadas. Se observó un 97,8 % de concordancia en CRP en los grupos I y IV. Las rugas onduladas y complejas predominaron en las maloclusiones de Clases 1 y 3 y mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las maloclusiones de Clases 1, 2 y 3 (p = 0,00 y 0,014 respectivamente), siendo el ondulado más alto en la Clase 1 y el complejo en la Clase 3 (LSD Post Hoc). El escaneo 3D intraoral directo y el escaneado 3D del área palatal son métodos igualmente confiables para la adquisición de CRP para el examen de las CRP. Todas las CRP consideradas en conjunto tienen algún grado de impacto en la predicción de las maloclusiones, sin embargo, fue mayor la influencia de la característica ondulada.

Model analysis of anatomical morphology changes of palatal rugae before and after orthodontic treatment / Análisis de modelo de cambios de la morfología anatómica de rugas palatinas antes y después del tratamiento ortodóntico

SUMMARY: Model analysis was performed to identify palatal rugae anatomical morphology patterns, evaluate their individual-specific properties and stability before and after orthodontic treatments, and investigate their reliability in the use for individual identification from the perspective of forensic dentistry. Maxillary models of 70 patients were collected before and after orthodontic treatments, palatine images were taken under standard conditions. Pattern-based individual identification was performed through measuring some indices including changes in number, orientation, shape, and length of palatal rugae, as well as mesial and distal endpoint displacement of palatal rugae in the anteroposterior (AP) and mesiodistal (MD) direction. At the same time, maxillary models of 10 patients were randomly selected for individuality confirmation and the average rate of correct matches was calculated. palatal rugae anatomical morphology patterns were highly individual-specific. Palatine of the same pattern were not found before or after orthodontic treatment. Model-based analysis confirmed the high individual-specificity properties of the palatal rugae anatomical morphology patterns, and also showed that the incidence of any morphological change in the patterns after orthodontic treatment was 45.7 % for anteroposterior displacement of the distal endpoint of palatal rugae, 40 % for mesiodistal displacement of the distal endpoint of palatine, 32.9 % for anteroposterior displacement of the mesial endpoint of palatal rugae, and 17.1 % for mesiodistal displacement of the mesial endpoint of palatal rugae. The incidence of change in length, orientation and shape of palatine after orthodontic treatment was 28.6 %, 1.4 % and 1.4 % respectively; and the incidence of palatal segmentation and unification after orthodontic treatment was 4.3 % and 2.9 % respectively. The mean percentage of correct matches of the palatine patterns after orthodontic treatment to their duplicates was 99.05 % and the mean percentage of correct matches of the palatine patterns between before and after orthodontic treatment was 92.19 %. Palatal rugae anatomical morphology patterns are unique to each individual. After orthodontic treatment, palatal rugae have diverse presentation patterns. Although the diverse palatine patterns to a certain degree, influence individual identification in the field of forensic identification, palatal rugae patterns can be used as a novel method for individual identification in forensic dentistry.

RESUMEN: Se realizó un análisis de modelo para identificar los patrones de morfología anatómica de las rugosidades palatinas, evaluar sus propiedades individuales y estabilidad antes y después de los tratamientos ortodónticos e investigar su fiabilidad en el uso para la identificación individual desde la perspectiva de la odontología forense. Se recogieron modelos maxilares de 70 pacientes, antes y después de tratamientos ortodónticos, y se tomaron imágenes palatinas bajo condiciones estándar. La identificación individual basada en patrones se realizó a través de la medición de algunos índices incluyendo cambios en el número, orientación, forma y longitud de las rugas palatinas, así como el desplazamiento mesial y distal del punto final de las rugas palatinas en dirección antero-posterior (AP) y mesiodistal (MD). Al mismo tiempo, los modelos maxilares de 10 pacientes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente para la confirmación de la individualidad y se calculó la tasa promedio de coincidencias correctas. Los patrones de morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas eran altamente específicos de cada individuo. Una ruga palatina del mismo patrón no se encontró antes o después del tratamiento ortodóncico. El análisis basado en modelos confirmó las altas propiedades individuales de los patrones de morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas y también mostró que la incidencia de cualquier cambio morfológico en los patrones después del tratamiento ortodóncico fue del 45,7 % en el desplazamiento anteroposterior de la porción distal de las rugas palatinas. Los porcentajes para el desplazamiento mesiodistal de la porción distal de la ruga palatina fue del 40 %, el desplazamiento anteroposterior del extremo mesial de las rugas palatinas presentó un porcentaje del 32,9 %, y 17,1 % para el desplazamiento mesiodistal del extremo mesial de las rugas palatinas. La incidencia de cambio de longitud, orientación y forma de la ruga palatina después del tratamiento ortodóncico fue de 28,6 %, 1,4 % y 1,4 %, respectivamente; la incidencia de segmentación y unificación de rugas palatinas después del tratamiento ortodóncico fue de 4,3 % y 2,9 % respectivamente. El porcentaje medio de coincidencias de los patrones de rugas palatinas después del tratamiento ortodóncico con sus duplicados fue del 99,05 % y el porcentaje medio de coincidencias correctas de los patrones de las rugas palatinas antes y después del tratamiento ortodóncico fue del 92,19 %. Los patrones de morfología anatómica de las rugas palatinas son únicos para cada individuo. Después de un tratamiento ortodóncico, las rugas palatinas presentan diversos patrones. No obstante, los diversos patrones de rugas palatinas influyen en cierto grado en la identificación individual forense; los patrones de las rugas palatinas pueden ser usados como un nuevo método para la identificación individual en odontología forense.

Analysis of palatal rugae morphology before and after orthodontic treatment by a digital image recognition system / Análisis de la morfología de las rugas palatinas antes y después de tratamiento ortodóncico por un sistema de reconocimiento por imágenes digitales

To analyze the accuracy rate of a digital image recognition system in matching the palatal rugae Morphology after orthodontic treatment, before orthodontic treatment and to provide theoretical evidence for individual identification in the field of forensic dentistry. High-resolution digital images of the palatal rugae were taken under particular conditions from each patient before and after orthodontic treatment. Features of each digital image were extracted using a digital image recognition system and included in the palatal rugae database. Using an MATLAB software system, information matching of the palatal rugae was performed. From the matching results, the accuracy rate of individual identification of orthodontic patients was 100 %, with a Euclidean distance of 0. The accuracy rate in matching palatal rugae patterns before and after orthodontic treatment was 95.67 %. The results were statistically significant with P < 0.05. Palatal rugae pattern is highly individual-specific. After orthodontic treatment, palatal rugae are morphologically diverse, but these changes do not greatly influence the individual identification in the field of forensic dentistry, which provides a new method of and pathway to forensic identification.

El objetivo de este trabajo consistitó en analizar la tasa de exactitud de un sistema de reconocimiento de imágenes digitales en la adaptación de la morfología de la rugosidad palatina después del tratamiento ortodóncico, antes del tratamiento ortodóncico y proporcionar evidencia teórica para la identificación individual en el campo de la odontología forense. Las imágenes digitales de alta resolución de las rugas palatinas fueron tomadas bajo condiciones particulares de cada paciente antes y después del tratamiento ortodóncico. Las características de cada imagen digital se extrajeron utilizando un sistema de reconocimiento de imagen digital y se incluyeron en la base de datos de rugas palatinas. Utilizando el software MATLAB, se realizó la comparación de información de las rugas palatinas. A partir de los resultados coincidentes, la tasa de exactitud de la identificación individual de los pacientes ortodóncicos fue del 100 %, con una distancia euclídea de 0. La tasa de precisión en los patrones de rugas palatinas coincidentes antes y después del tratamiento ortodóncico fue del 95,67 %. Los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos con P < 0,05. El patrón palatino de las rugas es altamente individual-específico. Después del tratamiento ortodóncico, las rugas palatinas son morfológicamente diversas, pero estos cambios no influyen mucho en la identificación individual en el campo de la odontología forense, lo que proporciona un nuevo método y vía para la identificación forense.

Differentiation between palatal rugae patterns of twins by means of the Briñón method and an improved technique

Abstract Palatal rugae patterns are anatomic structures considered unique to each person. Monozygotic twins present similarities, however, Rugoscopy in particular, may contribute to their individualization for forensic purposes. The aims of this study were: to study the palatal rugae classifications of Briñón; to propose improvements to facilitate use of this method, if pertinent; and to characterize palatal rugae in a sample of Brazilian monozygotic twins and singletons. Precise reproducibility of the two methods of Briñón, from 1982 and 2011, was prevented by poor intra-examiner agreement (70% and 13% respectively). Our proposed improvements to these methods, although preliminary, were associated with better results. The most common palatal rugae patterns were types A, M, and Q. Palatal rugae were confirmed to be unique to each individual, even in monozygotic twins. Furthermore, twins did not exhibit any special patterns that might facilitate their differentiation from singletons.

Application of palatal rugae morphology in forensic identification / Aplicación de la morfología de las rugas palatinas en la identificación forense

To investigate the feasibility of application of digital images of the palatal rugae in forensic identification. One hundred patients, consisting of 50 males and 50 females, who received treatment between January 2015 and June 2015 at Shanxi Medical University Stomatological Hospital, China, were included in this study. High-resolution digital image of the palatal rugae was taken from each patient using a digital SLR camera and then processed using a digital image recognition system, including noise reduction, contrast enhancement, image segmentation, feature extraction, edge detection and information matching. Using an MATLAB software system, match results and the time taken by each operator for information matching were recorded. The digital image recognition system assisted in information matching of the palatal rugae. Three oral physicians had a 100% correction rate in information matching. Two other operators failed in formation matching in one or two cases. The time taken by oral physicians for information matching was shorter than that taken by the other two operators. Unique palatal rugae morphology has gradually become a novel marker for forensic identification. Digital images of the palatal rugae morphology contribute to rapider and more accurate forensic identification.

El objetivo fue investigar la viabilidad de la aplicación de imágenes digitales de rugas palatinas para la identificación forense. Se incluyeron 100 pacientes, 50 hombres y 50 mujeres, que recibieron tratamiento entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2015 en el Hospital Odontológico de la Universidad Médica de Shanxi, China. Se tomaron imágenes digitales de alta resolución de las rugas palatinas de cada paciente utilizando una cámara réflex digital y luego se procesaron mediante un sistema de reconocimiento de imagen digital, incluyendo reducción de sonido, mejora del contraste, segmentación de imágenes, extracción de características, detección de márgenes y coincidencia de la información. Mediante el programa MATLAB se registraron los resultados y el tiempo de cada operador para obtener información coincidente, además se utilizó el sistema de reconocimiento de imágenes digitales para hacer coincidirlas con la información de las rugas palatinas. Tres odontólogos informaron una tasa de corrección del 100 % al realizar cruces de información. Otros dos operadores fracasaron en uno o dos casos. El tiempo asignado por los odontólogos para la coincidencia de la información fue menor al de los otros operadores. La morfología especializada de las rugas palatinas se ha convertido gradualmente en un nuevo marcador para la identificación forense. Las imágenes digitales de la morfología de las rugas palatinas contribuyen a una rápida y precisa identificación forense.

Location and classification of Canalis sinuosus for cone beam computed tomography: avoiding misdiagnosis

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the presence, location and, multiplanar distance of the canalis sinuosus (CS) between the incisive foramen and the anterior maxillary alveolar ridge using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Therefore, 500 CBCT maxillary images obtained from male and female patients aged 20 to 80 years were selected to assist in the dental treatment. Low-quality tomographic images were discarded. All images were captured with the i-CATTM Classic tomograph and assessed using the XoranCatTM software. The axial sections were analyzed at the incisive foramen in order to verify the CS presence in laterality and location. Furthermore, linear measurements of the nasal cavity floor, buccal cortical bone, and alveolar ridge crest were made. All the collected data were statistically analyzed. Results show a variation of the CS in relation to the classification and distance of anatomical structures, but no significant difference between the right and left sides. It should be highlighted that CBCT is necessary before invasive procedures in order to preserve important anatomical structures. In conclusion, the location of the CS varies in relation to the alveolar ridge crest and buccal cortical bone, assuming that it is going to be located by the upper lateral incisor palatine.

Estudo da correlação entre as medidas lineares de crânio e face e as medidas de largura e comprimento palatino / Study of the correlation between the linear measurements of the skull and face and palatal wide and length measures

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre as medidas lineares antropométricas de crânio e face com as medidas de largura e comprimento do palato duro. Métodos: foram utilizados 23 crânios humanos e as medidas foram obtidas com o auxílio de um paquímetro e um pelvímetro. Foram mensuradas as seguintes medidas lineares: comprimento máximo do crânio, distância biporion, largura facial máxima, altura nasal, comprimento palatino e largura palatina. Resultados: Após a descritiva completa das variáveis, observou-se uma homogeneidade das medidas de crânio, face e palato. Houve correlação, com maior significância, do comprimento palatino e da largura palatina com a largura facial máxima e a distância biporion, respectivamente. A distância biporion foi a única medida que se mostrou significante na explicação, gerando fórmulas para a obtenção do comprimento e de largura palatina. Conclusão: É possível estimar o comprimento e a largura palatina por meio de dois modelos (fórmulas) por meio da medida da distância biporion. Como não existe consenso na literatura, há necessidade de padronização na obtenção das medidas lineares do palato.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relation between the anthropometric linear measurements of the skull and face and the measurements of width and length of the hard palate. Methods: Twenty-three human skulls were used, and the measurements were collected with the help of a caliper and pelvimeter. The following linear measurements were studied: maximum cranial length, biporion distance, maximum face width, nasal height, palatal length, and palatal width. Results: After a complete descriptive assessment of the variables, we observed homogeneity in the measurements of the skull, face, and palate. There were correlations, with higher significance, between the palatal length and width and the maximum face width and the biporion distance, respectively. The biporion distance was the only measurement that was significant in the explanation, generating formulas to obtain the palatal length and width. Conclusion: It is possible to estimate the palatal length and the palatal width using the two models (formulas) through the measurements of the biporion distance. Because in the literature, there is no consensus, there is a need for standardization when obtaining the linear measurements of the palate.

Respiratory mode, nasal patency and palatine dimensions / Modo respiratório, patência nasal e dimensões palatinas

Purpose: To investigate the influence of breathing mode and nasal patency in the dimensions of the hard palate by comparing mouth breathing (MB) and nasal breathing (NB) adults. Methods: Seventy-seven individuals, distributed into the MB group (n=38) and the NB group (n=39), of both genders and aged between 18 and 30 years old, took part in the study. The respiratory mode diagnosis was based on anamnesis, physical characteristics, and otorhinolaryngological examination. The volunteers were evaluated in terms of nasal patency, with a peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) meter, and obstruction symptoms, by a Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, and had their transversal and vertical hard palate dimensions measured with a digital caliper in plaster models. Results: Comparing both groups, the MB group presented significantly higher values in the NOSE scale, lower values in the PNIF, lower values in the transversal distance of the palate in the intercanine region, and significantly higher values in the vertical distance in the regions of the first and second premolars and molars. There was a negative correlation between PNIF and NOSE, and a positive correlation between PNIF and transversal distance of the palate in the region of the first premolars. Conclusion: MB adults presented reduced nasal patency and a higher degree of nasal obstruction symptoms. The hard palate was morphologically narrower and deeper in adults with the MB mode compared to the NB mode. Moreover, it was concluded that the smaller the nasal patency, the greater the obstruction symptoms and the narrower the hard palate. .

Objetivo: Verificar a influência do modo respiratório e da patência nasal nas dimensões palatinas, comparando adultos respiradores orais (ROs) e respiradores nasais (RNs). Métodos: Participaram do estudo 77 indivíduos, distribuídos em grupo de ROs (n=38) e grupo de RNs (n=39), de ambos os gêneros e idade entre 18 e 30 anos. O diagnóstico do modo respiratório se baseou na anamnese, nas características físicas e no exame otorrinolaringológico. Os voluntários foram avaliados quanto à patência nasal com um medidor do pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal (PFIN) e à sintomatologia de obstrução (escala NOSE - Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale), e tiveram as dimensões vertical e transversal do palato duro medidas por meio de um paquímetro digital em modelos de gesso. Resultados: Na comparação entre os grupos, os ROs apresentaram valores significativamente maiores na escala NOSE, menores no PFIN, menores na distância transversal do palato na região intercanina e maiores na distância vertical na região dos primeiros e segundos pré-molares e dos molares. O PFIN apresentou correlação inversa com a escala NOSE e direta com a distância transversal do palato na região dos primeiros pré-molares. Conclusão: Os adultos ROs apresentaram redução na patência nasal e maior grau de sintomatologia de obstrução nasal. O palato duro se apresentou mais estreito e alto nos adultos com modo respiratório oral, quando comparados aos com modo nasal. Ainda, concluiu-se que quanto menor a patência nasal, maior a sintomatologia de obstrução e mais estreito o palato duro. .

Morphometric evaluation of the greater palatine foramen in adult Sri Lankan skulls / Evaluación morfométrica del foramen palatino mayor en craneos adultos de Sri Lanka

Evidence supports a clear racial variation in the position of the greater palatine foramen. Therefore detailed knowledge of the population specific data on biometric features of the greater palatine foramen will facilitate therapeutic, local anesthetic and surgical manipulations in the maxillo-facial region. The goal of this study was to elucidate the morphological features and precise anatomical position of the greater palatine foramen with reference to surrounding anatomical landmarks in an adult Sri Lankan population. A total of one hundred and thirty six adult dry skulls were assessed to determine the number, shape, direction of opening of the greater palatine foramen and straight distance from it to the palatine midline, posterior margin of the hard palate and incisive fossa. The position of the greater palatine foramen was determined in relation to the maxillary molars. The results indicated that 82.35% of the greater palatine foramina had an oval outline and located in line with the long axis of the upper third molar (77.20%). The greater palatine foramen was located 15.24 mm lateral to the median sagittal plane of the hard palate and 4.51 mm anterior to the posterior border of the hard palate. In 50% of the cases the greater palatine foramen opened in an antero-medial direction. The results of the current study further highlight the racial differences in the position of the greater palatine foramen and emphasize the need for meticulous preoperative evaluation of the greater palatine foramen in patients who are candidates for maxillo-facial surgeries and regional block anesthesia.

La evidencia apoya una variación racial evidente en la posición del foramen palatino mayor. Así, el conocimiento de datos específicos de la población sobre las características biométricas de las aperturas palatinas facilitará la realización de tratamientos terapéuticos, anestésicos locales y manipulaciones quirúrgicas en la región maxilofacial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características morfológicas y la posición anatómica precisa del foramen palatino mayor con referencia a estructuras anatómicas circundantes en una población adulta de Sri Lanka. Un total de 136 cráneos secos, adultos, fueron evaluados para determinar el número, la forma, la dirección de apertura del foramen palatino mayor y la distancia recta a la línea mediana palatina, al margen posterior del paladar duro y la fosa incisiva. La posición del foramen palatino mayor se determinó en relación con los molares superiores. Los resultados indicaron que 82,35% de los forámenes palatinos mayores tenían un contorno ovalado y situado en línea con el eje largo del tercer molar superior (77,20%). El foramen palatino mayor se encontró 15,24 mm lateral del plano sagital del paladar duro y 4,51 mm por delante del margen posterior del paladar duro. En el 50% de los casos la apertura de los forámenes fue en dirección antero-medial. Los resultados señalan las diferencias raciales en la posición del foramen palatino mayor y apuntan a la necesidad de una evaluación preoperatoria minuciosa en los pacientes candidatos a cirugías maxilofaciales y anestesia de bloque regional.

Vertiginous syndrome associated with incorrect anesthesia technique to block the maxillary nerve via the greater palatine canal: case report and anatomic correlation with cadaveric parts / Síndrome vertiginoso asociado a técnica anestésica incorrecta para bloquear el nervio maxilar vía canal palatino mayor: reporte de caso y correlación anatómica en piezas cadavéricas

The anesthetic technique through the greater palatine canal seeks to block the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa and anesthetize a large area, including the pulp and periodontium of the arch in question. After applying this technique in a patient, it failed to obtain the expected result. The patient began to experience dizziness, nausea, vomiting and the sensation of fluid in the ear. She was evaluated in both the emergency room of the Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo and at a private clinic without accurate diagnosis. Only symptomatic treatment was provided. The next day she was discharged with reduced symptoms, which disappeared completely during the day. We propose the hypothesis of a diffusion of the anesthetic solution into the middle and inner ear through the auditory tube. This diffusion would explain the vestibular symptoms and the absence of anesthesia in the expected areas. We carried out an anatomic correlation in cadavers, following the path of a needle from the palatal mucosa to the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. We conclude that the vertiginous syndrome could be due to an incorrect application of the technique, with the needle entering the auditory tube and spreading the anesthetic solution into the middle ear.

La técnica anestésica vía canal palatino mayor tiene como objetivo abordar al nervio maxilar en la fosa pterigopalatina, anestesiando un gran territorio, incluyendo la pulpa y periodonto de la hemiarcada correspondiente. Después de haber aplicado esta técnica en una paciente y no obteniendo el resultado esperado, esta comenzó a experimentar vértigo, náuseas, sensación de líquido en el oído y vómitos. Fue evaluada en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo y en una Clínica Privada, sin lograr un diagnóstico preciso y realizando solo un tratamiento sintomático. Al día siguiente fue dada de alta con baja sintomatología, la cual desapareció totalmente durante el día. Se propone la hipótesis de una difusión del anestésico hacia el oído medio e interno mediante el tubo auditivo. Esto explicaría por un lado la sintomatología vestibular y por otro la ausencia de anestesia en los dientes y territorios esperados. Además se realizó una correlación anatómica en cadáveres, utilizando 8 hemicabezas conservadas y siguiendo el posible trayecto de la aguja desde la mucosa palatina hasta el orificio faríngeo de la tuba auditiva. Se concluyó que el síndrome vertiginoso experimentado por la paciente se pudo deber a una técnica fallida al nervio maxilar vía canal palatino mayor con ingreso de la aguja al tubo auditivo, difundiendo el anestésico hacia el oído medio.

Determination of the biometric characteristics of palatine rugae patterns in Uttar Pradesh population: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Identification is the establishment of identity of an individual. The basis of dental identification is based on the observation that no two individuals can have same dentition. Palatal rugae are irregular, asymmetric ridges of the mucous membrane extending laterally from the incisive papilla and the anterior part of the palatal raphe. The location of palatal rugae inside the oral cavity confers them with stability even when exposed to high temperatures or trauma. Their resistance to trauma and their apparent unique appearance has suggested their use as a tool for forensic identification. Aims: To record the biometric characteristics of shape, size, direction, number and position of palatal rugae and analyze whether palatal rugoscopy can be used as a tool for personal identification and for sex determination. Settings and Design: A cross‑sectional study. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 100 subjects (50 males, 50 females) between 18 and 25 years. Maxillary impressions were made with elastomeric impression material and dental stone was used to make models. The palatal rugae patterns were traced and analyzed with a magnifying hand lens. The biometric characteristics of number, size, shape, and direction were analyzed using Thomaz and Kotz classification (1983). The casts were coded to blind the examiners about the identity of the subjects. Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t‑test and one‑way ANOVA using SPSS 19.0 statistical program for Windows. Results: The average number of rugae was slightly more in females. Wavy (44.9%) and curved (41.8%) shapes were more prevalent. Maximum number of rugae was found in E quadrant (40.73%). The average size was 9.221 mm. Most rugae were forwardly directed in both groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that rugae pattern are highly individualistic and can be used as a supplementary method for personal identification and sex determination. Further inter‑observer and intra‑observer variability were not found to be significant, which further validates the use of rugoscopy as a forensic tool.